I-Xilinx ISE, ModelSim, Cadence Allegro, Mentor Graphics futhi nokuningi...

I-Analog, Digital, Idizayini Yesiginali Exubile Nokuthuthukiswa Nobunjiniyela

I-ANALOG

I-analog electronics yilawo masistimu kagesi anesignali eguquguqukayo eqhubekayo. Ngokuphambene, kumasiginali kagesi wedijithali ngokuvamile athatha amazinga amabili ahlukene. Igama elithi "analogi" lichaza ubudlelwano obulinganayo phakathi kwesignali kanye nevoltheji noma i-current emele isignali. Isignali ye-analog isebenzisa isibaluli esithile sendawo yokuxhumana ukuze idlulisele ulwazi lwesiginali. Isibonelo, i-barometer isebenzisa indawo eyi-angular yenaliti njengesignali ukudlulisa ulwazi lwezinguquko kumfutho womoya. Amasignali kagesi angase amele ulwazi ngokushintsha i-voltage yawo, yamanje, imvamisa, noma isamba sokushaja. Ulwazi luguqulwa lusuke kolunye uhlobo oluphathekayo (njengomsindo, ukukhanya, izinga lokushisa, ukucindezela, indawo) luye kusignali kagesi nge-transducer eguqula uhlobo oluthile lwamandla lube olunye. Umbhobho uyisibonelo se-transducer. Amasistimu e-analogi afaka phakathi umsindo njalo; okungukuthi, ukuphazamiseka okungahleliwe noma ukuhlukahluka. Njengoba zonke izinhlobo zesignali ye-analogi zibalulekile, noma yikuphi ukuphazamiseka kulingana noshintsho kusiginali yokuqala futhi kubonakala njengomsindo. Njengoba isignali ikopishwa futhi ikopishwa kabusha, noma idluliswa ebangeni elide, lokhu kuhlukahluka okungahleliwe kuba okuphawuleka kakhulu futhi kuholele ekonakaleni kwesignali. Eminye imithombo yomsindo ingase ivele kumasignali kagesi angaphandle, noma izingxenye eziklanywe kabi. Lezi ziphazamiso zincishiswa ngokuvikela, nokusebenzisa izikhulisamsindo eziphansi (LNA). Naphezu kwenzuzo yalo ekuklanyweni nakwezomnotho, uma idivayisi ye-elekthronikhi eyidijithali kufanele ixhumane nomhlaba wangempela, idinga idivayisi kagesi ye-analogi.

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Idizayini ye-analog electronics & ukuthuthukiswa kanye nobunjiniyela bekuyinkundla yokudlala enkulu kithi isikhathi eside.  Ezinye izibonelo zamasistimu e-analogi esisebenze kuwo yilezi:

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• I-interface circuitry, ama-amplifiers anezigaba eziningi nokuhlunga ngekhwalithi yesiginali elungile

• Ukukhetha izinzwa nokuxhumanisa

• Lawula ama-electronics kumasistimu e-electromechanical

• Izimpahla zamandla ezinhlobonhlobo

• Ama-oscillator, amawashi namasekhethi wesikhathi

• Ukuguqulwa kwesiginali, okufana nemvamisa ku-voltage

• Ukulawulwa kokuphazanyiswa kwe-Electromagnetic

I-DIGITAL

I-Digital electronics amasistimu amelela amasiginali njengamaleveli ahlukene, kunokuba njengobubanzi obuqhubekayo. Ezimweni eziningi inani lezifunda zimbili, futhi lezi zifunda zimelelwa amaleveli kagesi amabili: eyodwa eduze ne-zero volts futhi enye isezingeni eliphezulu kuye nge-voltage yokunikezela esetshenziswayo. Lawa maleveli amabili avamise ukumelelwa njengokuthi "Phansi" kanye "Phezulu." Inzuzo eyisisekelo yamasu edijithali isukela eqinisweni lokuthi kulula ukuthola idivayisi ye-elekthronikhi ukushintshela kwesinye sezifundazwe ezimbalwa ezaziwayo kunokukhiqiza kabusha ngokunembile uhla oluqhubekayo lwamanani. Ama-elekthronikhi edijithali ngokuvamile enziwa kusukela kumihlangano emikhulu yamasango anengqondo, izethulo ezilula ze-elekthronikhi zemisebenzi ye-Boolean logic. Enye inzuzo yamasekhethi edijithali uma iqhathaniswa namasekhethi e-analog ukuthi amasiginali amelwe ngokwedijithali angadluliswa ngaphandle kokuwohloka ngenxa yomsindo. Kuhlelo lwedijithali, ukumelwa okunembe kakhudlwana kwesiginali kungatholwa ngokusebenzisa amadijithi kanambambili amaningi ukuyimela. Nakuba lokhu kudinga amasekhethi edijithali engeziwe ukucubungula amasignali, idijithi ngayinye iphathwa uhlobo olufanayo lwehadiwe. Amasistimu edijithali alawulwa ngekhompuyutha angalawulwa isofthiwe, okuvumela imisebenzi emisha ukuthi yengezwe ngaphandle kokushintsha ihadiwe. Ngokuvamile lokhu kungenziwa ngaphandle kwemboni ngokubuyekeza isofthiwe yomkhiqizo. Ngakho-ke, amaphutha omklamo womkhiqizo angalungiswa ngemuva kokuthi umkhiqizo usezandleni zekhasimende. Ukugcinwa kolwazi kungase kube lula kumasistimu edijithali kunakuma-analog. Ukungavikeleki komsindo kwezinhlelo zedijithali kuvumela idatha ukuthi igcinwe futhi ibuyiswe ngaphandle kokucekelwa phansi. Kuhlelo lwe-analog, umsindo wokuguga nokugqoka ululaza ulwazi olugciniwe. Kusistimu yedijithali, inqobo nje uma ingqikithi yomsindo ingaphansi kwezinga elithile, ulwazi lungatholwa ngokuphelele. Kwezinye izimo, amasekhethi edijithali asebenzisa amandla amaningi kunamasekhethi e-analog ukuze afeze imisebenzi efanayo, ngaleyo ndlela akhiqize ukushisa okwengeziwe. Ezinhlelweni eziphathwayo noma ezisebenza ngebhethri lokhu kungakhawulela ukusetshenziswa kwamasistimu edijithali. Futhi amasekethe edijithali kwesinye isikhathi abiza kakhulu, ikakhulukazi ngamanani amancane. Ake siphinde sigcizelele leli phuzu: Umhlaba ozizwayo uyi-analogi, futhi amasiginali avela kulo mhlaba amanani e-analogi. Isibonelo, ukukhanya, izinga lokushisa, umsindo, ukuguquguquka kukagesi, izindawo zikagesi nezikazibuthe ziyi-analog. Amasistimu amaningi edijithali awusizo kufanele ahumushe ukusuka kumasiginali e-analog aqhubekayo ukuya kumasiginali edijithali. Lokhu kubangela amaphutha e-quantization. 

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Singanikeza amakhasimende ethu ukuqashwa okuhlosiwe ukuze kuxazululwe izidingo zesikhathi esifushane nezesikhathi eside, kanye nonjiniyela bokuxhumana abanolwazi oluthile lwesizinda. Njengochwepheshe be-Digital Electronics, kuye ngezidingo zakho, singahlanganisa izindawo njengokuqaliswa, ukwakheka kwesistimu, ukuhlola, ukucaciswa kanye nemibhalo. Ngaphandle kwekhono lobuchwepheshe, ukwakheka kwezingxenyekazi zekhompuyutha kudinga nekhono lokwenza amaphrojekthi entuthuko ngesikhathi esifushane nangekhwalithi ephezulu esaziwa kakhulu ngayo. Idizayini yesimanje kagesi idinga nolwazi oluhle lwe_cc781905-5cde- 3194-bb3b-136bad5cf58d_izidingo zokulawula eziphathelene ne-EMC, i-RoHS nokuphepha. I-AGS-Enginering inokufinyelela kumalebhu akhethekile namathuluzi okuklama, ngakho-ke singakwazi ukuthuthukisa imikhiqizo kusukela ekucacisweni kwayo kuye emkhiqizweni ophelile. Sinikeza ochwepheshe ezindaweni ezilandelayo:

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• Idizayini ye-analog nedijithali

• Umklamo womsakazo

• Idizayini ye-ASIC/FPGA

• Idizayini yesistimu

• Izinzwa ezihlakaniphile

• Ubuchwepheshe bomkhathi

• Ukulawula ukunyakaza/amarobhothi

• I-Broadband

• Medical- kanye IVD-izindinganiso

• I-EMC nokuphepha

• I-LVD

Obunye bobuchwepheshe obukhulu nezinkundla ezisetshenziswayo yilezi:

• Izixhumanisi zokuxhumana (i-Ethernet, i-USB, i-IrDA njll)

• Ubuchwepheshe bomsakazo (GPS, BT, WLAN njll)

• Ukunikezwa kwamandla nokuphatha

• Ukulawulwa kwezimoto nokushayela

• Idizayini yedijithali enesivinini esikhulu

• FPGA, VHDL izinhlelo

• Isibonisi sesithombe se-LCD

• Amaprosesa kanye ne-MCU

• I-ASIC

• I-ARM, i-DSP

Amathuluzi Abalulekile:

• I-Xilinx ISE

• ImodeliSim

• Leonardo

• Synplify

• I-Cadence Allegro

• HyperLynx

• I-Quartus

• JTAG

• I-OrCAD Capture

• I-PSpice

• I-Mentor Graphics

• Uhambo

ISIGNALI ESIHLANGANISIWE

Isekethe ehlanganisiwe yesignali exubile inoma iyiphi isekethe ehlanganisiwe enawo womabili amasekhethi e-analog namasekhethi edijithali kukufa kwe-semiconductor eyodwa. Ngokuvamile, ama-chips anesignali exubile (efa) enza umsebenzi othile ophelele noma umsebenzi ongaphansi ekuhlanganiseni okukhulu. Ngokuvamile ziqukethe yonke isistimu-on-a-chip. Ngenxa yokusetshenziswa kokubili kokucutshungulwa kwesignali yedijithali nokujikeleza kwe-analog, ama-IC esiginali exubile ngokuvamile adizayinelwe injongo ethile futhi ukwakheka kwawo kudinga izinga eliphezulu lobuchwepheshe kanye nokusetshenziswa ngokucophelela kwamathuluzi omklamo osizwa ngekhompyutha (CAD). Ukuhlola okuzenzakalelayo kwama-chips aqediwe nakho kungaba inselele. Mixed-signal applications ziphakathi kwezigaba zemakethe ezikhula ngokushesha embonini yezogesi. Ukuhlolwa kwanoma iyiphi idivayisi yakamuva njengocingo oluhlakaniphile, ikhompuyutha yethebhulethi, ikhamera yedijithali noma i-3D TV kusibonisa ukuhlanganiswa okuphezulu kakhulu kokusebenza kwe-analog nokusebenza kwedijithali ohlelweni, i-SoC namazinga e-silicon. Ithimba lethu labaklami be-analog abaphezulu, elisebenzisa izindlela zakamuva zokuklama namathuluzi okuklama alungele ukwenza inselele eyinselele ye-analog nezinselele zesignali exubile. I-AGS-Engineering inolwazi lwesizinda ukuze isingathe izidingo zesekethe ye-analogi eyinkimbinkimbi futhi eyinselele.

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• Izixhumanisi ze-serial ezinesivinini esikhulu, iziguquli zedatha, amamojula okuphatha amandla, i-RF yamandla aphansi, amamakhro e-analog e-IP anenani eliphakeme. Sinolwazi ekuhlanganisweni kwamamakhro e-analog abe isignali exubile kanye namadivayisi e-analog kuphela

• Idizayini ye-IO enesivinini esikhulu

  • DDR1 kuya ku-DDR4

  • I-LVDS

• Imitapo yolwazi ye-IO

• Amayunithi okuphatha amandla

• Idizayini yesekethe yamandla aphansi

• I-SRAM yangokwezifiso, i-DRAM, idizayini ye-TCAM

• Ama-PLL, ama-DLL, ama-Oscillator

• Ama-DAC kanye nama-ADC

• Ukuguqulwa kwe-IP: amanodi ezinqubo ezintsha nobuchwepheshe

• Ama-SerDes PHYs

  • I-USB 2.0/3.0

  • I-PCI Express

  • 10GE

• Ukushintsha kanye nezilawuli zomugqa

• Shaja izilawuli zephampu

• Ama-op-amps ahlukile

Sinochwepheshe be-Verilog-AMS abangakha izindawo zokuqinisekisa ezixubile ezisezingeni eliphezulu zamasignali axubile ama-IC. Ithimba lethu lonjiniyela lakhe izindawo zokuqinisekisa eziyinkimbinkimbi kusukela ekuqaleni, ukuhlola okubhaliwe kokuzihlola, lakha amacala okuhlola okungahleliwe, lasiza amaklayenti ukuthi asukume asebenzise izindlela zakamuva zokuqinisekisa ezihlanganisa ukumodela kwe-Verilog-A/AMS kanye ne-RNM. Lapho usebenza ngamathimba okuqinisekisa idizayini, ukufakwa kwe-AMS kungahlanganiswa nendawo yokuqinisekisa yedijithali ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi ukuxhumana kuhlanganiswe kunoma iyiphi indawo. Ochwepheshe bethu bokumodela bedizayini basekele isigaba sezakhiwo kanye nokucaciswa ngokwakha amamodeli asebenza ngokuhambisana nemodeli yesistimu. Uma imodeli yesistimu isitholakele ukuthi ihlangabezana nenhloso lapho ukucaciswa kukhiqizwa kusukela kumodeli ye-Verilog-A/AMS.

Singasiza amakhasimende ethu ukuguqula amamodeli awo e-Verilog-A abe amamodeli e-RNM. I-RNM ivumela onjiniyela bokuqinisekisa bedijithali ukuthi baqinisekise umklamo ufike ezingeni elifanayo nelonjiniyela be-AMS kodwa bathole imiphumela ngokushesha kakhulu kune-AMS.

Ngezansi kukhona ezinye izinhlelo zokusebenza ezijwayelekile zethimba lethu ledizayini exubile nelokuthuthukisa kanye nobunjiniyela:

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• Izinhlelo zokusebenza Zenzwa Ehlakaniphile: Iselula Yabathengi, Ukutholwa Kwedatha Nokucubungula, i-MEMS nezinye Izinzwa Ezisafufusa, I-Integrated Sensor Fusion, Izinzwa ezihlinzeka ngolwazi esikhundleni sedatha, Izinzwa Okungenantambo ku-inthanethi Yezinto...njll.

• Izicelo ze-RF: Idizayini Yezamukeli, Ama-Transmitter nama-Synthesizers, amabhendi e-ISM asuka ku-38MHz ukuya ku-6GHz, izamukeli ze-GPS, i-Bluetooth…njll.

• Izinhlelo zokusebenza Zeselula Yabathengi: I-Audio & Human Interface, Izilawuli zokubonisa, Izilawuli Zesistimu, Ukuphathwa Kwebhethri Leselula

• Izicelo Zamandla Ahlakaniphile: Ukuguqulwa Kwamandla, Izimpahla Zamandla Edijithali, Izicelo Zokukhanya Kwe-LED

• Izicelo Zezimboni: Ukulawulwa Kwezimoto, Ukuhamba Ngezimoto, Ukuhlolwa Nokukala

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PCB & PCBA DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT

Ibhodi lesekethe eliphrintiwe, noma elihunyushwe kafushane njenge-PCB, lisetshenziselwa ukusekela ngokuzenzakalelayo nokuxhuma izingxenye ze-elekthronikhi kusetshenziswa izindlela eziqhutshwayo, amathrekhi, noma imikhondo, eqoshwe ngokuvamisile ukusuka kumashidi ethusi alamiwe ku-substrate engaconductive. I-PCB egcwele izingxenye ze-elekthronikhi iwumhlangano wesifunda ophrintiwe (PCA), owaziwa nangokuthi umhlangano webhodi lesifunda ophrintiwe (PCBA). Igama elithi PCB livame ukusetshenziswa ngokungakahleleki kuwo womabili amabhodi angenalutho nahlanganisiwe. Ama-PCB kwesinye isikhathi anohlangothi olulodwa (okusho ukuthi anongqimba olulodwa lwe-conductive), kwesinye isikhathi anezinhlangothi ezikabili (okusho ukuthi anezendlalelo ezimbili eziqhutshwayo) futhi kwesinye isikhathi aza njengezakhiwo ezinezendlalelo eziningi (ezinezingqimba zangaphandle nezingaphakathi zezindlela zokuqhuba). Ukuze kucace kakhudlwana, kulawa mabhodi esekethe aphrintiwe anezingqimba eziningi, izingqimba eziningi zezinto zenziwe nge-laminated ndawonye. Ama-PCB awabizi, futhi angathembeka kakhulu. Adinga umzamo wesakhiwo owengeziwe kanye nezindleko zokuqala eziphakeme kunamasekhethi akhiwe ngocingo noma akhomba-ephuzu, kodwa ashibhe kakhulu futhi ayashesha ekukhiqizeni ivolumu ephezulu. Iningi lezidingo ze-PCB zemboni yezogesi, ukuhlanganisa, nokulawula ikhwalithi zisethwa ngamazinga ashicilelwe inhlangano ye-IPC.

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Sinonjiniyela abakhethekile ku-PCB & PCBA design & development and testing. Uma unephrojekthi ongathanda siyihlole, xhumana nathi. Sizocabangela isikhala esitholakalayo ohlelweni lwakho lwe-elekthronikhi futhi sisebenzise amathuluzi afaneleka kakhulu e-EDA (Electronic Design Automation) atholakalayo ukuze sakhe ukuthwebula okuhleliwe. Abaklami bethu abanolwazi bazobeka izingxenye namasinki okushisa ezindaweni ezifanele kakhulu ku-PCB yakho. Singakha ibhodi ngohlelo bese sikwakhela AMAFAYELA E-GERBER noma singasebenzisa amafayela akho e-Gerber ukwenza amabhodi e-PCB futhi siqinisekise ukusebenza kwawo. Siyavumelana nezimo, ngakho kuye ngokuthi yini onayo nokuthi yini oyidingayo yenziwe yithi, sizokwenza ngokufanele. Njengoba abanye abakhiqizi beyidinga, sakha nefomethi yefayela le-Excellon ukuze sicacise izimbobo zokubhoboza. Amanye amathuluzi e-EDA esiwasebenzisayo yilawa:

• UKHOZI PCB design software

• I-KiCad

• I-Protel

I-AGS-Engineering inamathuluzi nolwazi lokuklama i-PCB yakho kungakhathaliseki ukuthi inkulu noma incane kangakanani.

Sisebenzisa amathuluzi omklamo wezinga eliphezulu embonini futhi siqhutshwa ukuthi sibe abangcono kakhulu.

• I-HDI Designs enama-micro vias nezinto ezithuthukisiwe - I-Via-in-Pad, i-laser micro vias.

• Isivinini esikhulu, imiklamo ye-PCB yedijithali yezingqimba eziningi - Umzila wamabhasi, amapheya ahlukile, ubude obufanisiwe.

• I-PCB Designs yesikhala, ezempi, ezokwelashwa nezohwebo

• Isipiliyoni esibanzi se-RF ne-analog design (izinti eziphrintiwe, izindandatho zonogada, izihlangu ze-RF...)

• Izinkinga zobuqotho besignali ukuze uhlangabezane nezidingo zakho zedizayini yedijithali (ukulandela okushuniwe, amapheya ahlukene...)

• Ukuphathwa Kwesendlalelo se-PCB sobuqotho besignali nokulawulwa kokuvinjelwa

• I-DDR2, i-DDR3, i-DDR4, i-SAS kanye nobungcweti bomzila wokuhamba ngamabili

• Imiklamo ye-SMT yokuminyana okuphezulu (BGA, uBGA, PCI, PCIE, CPCI...)

• Imiklamo ye-Flex PCB yazo zonke izinhlobo

• Idizayini yezinga eliphansi le-analog PCB yokukala amamitha

• Imiklamo ye-EMI ephansi kakhulu yezinhlelo zokusebenza ze-MRI

• Qedela imidwebo yomhlangano

• Ukukhiqizwa kwedatha yokuhlolwa kwe-Circuit (ICT)

• Drill, iphaneli kanye nemidwebo cutout yakhelwe

• Kudalwe amadokhumenti okwenziwa ochwepheshe

• I-Autorouting yemiklamo eminyene ye-PCB

Ezinye izibonelo zamasevisi ahlobene ne-PCB ne-PCA esiwanikezayo yilezi

• Isibuyekezo se-ODB++ Valor ukuze uthole ukuqinisekiswa okuphelele komklamo we-DFT / DFT.

• Isibuyekezo esigcwele se-DFM sokukhiqiza

• Ukubuyekezwa okugcwele kwe-DFT ukuze kuhlolwe

• Ingxenye yokuphathwa kwesizindalwazi

• Ukushintshwa nokushintshwa kwengxenye

• Ukuhlaziywa kobuqotho besignali

Uma ungakabi sesigabeni sokuklama se-PCB ne-PCBA, kodwa udinga izikimu zamasekhethi kagesi, silapha ukuze sikusize. Bona amanye amamenyu afana ne-analog nedizayini yedijithali ukuze ufunde kabanzi mayelana nalokho esingakwenzela khona. Ngakho-ke, uma udinga i-schematics kuqala, singazilungiselela bese transfer umdwebo wakho wohlelo emdwebeni webhodi lakho lesekethe eliphrintiwe bese sidala amafayela e-Gerber.

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Idizayini yomhlaba wonke ye-AGS-Engineering kanye nenethiwekhi yozakwethu besiteshi inikeza isiteshi phakathi kozakwethu bomklamo abagunyaziwe namakhasimende ethu adinga ubuchwepheshe bezobuchwepheshe nezisombululo ezingabizi ngesikhathi. Chofoza isixhumanisi esilandelayo ukulanda yethuKALA UHLELO LOKUBAMBISANAincwajana. 

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Uma ungathanda ukuhlola amakhono ethu okukhiqiza kanye nekhono lethu lobunjiniyela, sincoma ukuthi uvakashele isayithi lethu lokukhiqiza ngokwezifisohttp://www.agstech.netlapho uzothola khona imininingwane ye-PCB yethu ne-PCBA prototyping namandla okwenza.