IKhemistri yoMphezulu kunye noVavanyo lweMiphezulu kunye noLungiso loMphezulu kunye noPhuculo

Ibinzana elithi "Ubuso bugubungela yonke into" lelinye ekufuneka sinike umzuzwana ukuba sicinge ngalo. Inzululwazi yomphezulu luphononongo lweziganeko ezibonakalayo nezekhemikhali ezenzeka kumdibaniso wezigaba ezibini, kubandakanywa ujongano olululwelo oluqinileyo, ujongano lwerhasi eqinileyo, ujongano lwe-soli-vacuum, kunye nojongano lwerhasi elulwelo. Ibandakanya imimandla yekhemistri yomphezulu kunye nefiziksi yomphezulu. Izicelo ezisebenzayo ezinxulumeneyo zibizwa ngokudibeneyo njengobunjineli bomhlaba. Ubunjineli bomphezulu bubandakanya iikhonsepthi ezinje nge-heterogeneous catalysis, ukwenziwa kwesixhobo se-semiconductor, iiseli zepetroli, ii-monolayers ezizidityanisiweyo, kunye nezinto ezincamathelayo.

 

Ikhemistri engaphezulu inokuchazwa ngokubanzi njengophononongo lweekhemikhali zokusabela kunxibelelwano. Inxulumene ngokusondeleyo nobunjineli bomphezulu, ojolise ekuguquleni ukubunjwa kweekhemikhali zomphezulu ngokubandakanya izinto ezikhethiweyo okanye amaqela asebenzayo avelisa iziphumo ezahlukeneyo ezinqwenelekayo okanye ukuphuculwa kweempawu zomphezulu okanye ujongano. Inzululwazi yomphezulu ibaluleke kakhulu kwiinkalo ezifana ne-heterogeneous catalysis kunye neengubo zefilimu ezibhityileyo.

 

Uphononongo kunye nohlalutyo lomphezulu lubandakanya zombini iindlela zokuhlalutya umzimba kunye neekhemikhali. Iindlela ezininzi zale mihla ziphonononga eyona 1-10 nm ephezulu yemigangatho evezwe kwivacuum. Ezi ziquka i-X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), i-Auger electron spectroscopy (AES), i-electron diffraction ene-low-energy (LEED), i-electron loss loss spectroscopy (EELS), i-thermal desorption spectroscopy, i-ion scatters spectroscopy, i-ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) , kunye nezinye iindlela zokuhlalutya umphezulu. Uninzi lwezi ndlela zobuchule zifuna isixhobo sokufunxa kunye nexabiso eliphezulu njengoko zixhomekeke ekubhaqweni kwee-electron okanye ii-ion ezikhutshwa kumphezulu phantsi kophononongo. Ngaphandle kobugcisa obunjalo bemichiza, ubugcisa bomzimba obubandakanya ubugcisa bokubona bukwasetyenziswa.

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Kuzo naziphi na iiprojekthi zobunjineli ezinokubakho ezibandakanya umphezulu, izinto zokuncamathelisa, ukuphuculwa kokuncamatheliswa komphezulu, ukuguqulwa komphezulu wokwenza umphezulu ube nehydrophobic (ukumanzisa nzima), i-hydrophillic (ukumanzisa ngokulula), i-antistatic, antibacterial okanye i-antifungal...njl., qhagamshelana nathi kunye nenzululwazi yethu yomphezulu iya kukunceda kuyilo lwakho kunye neenzame zophuhliso. Sinolwazi lokumisela ukuba zeziphi iindlela zokusebenzisa ukuhlalutya umphezulu wakho kunye nokufikelela kwezona zixhobo ziphambili zovavanyo.

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Ezinye zeenkonzo esizinikezelayo kuhlalutyo lomphezulu, uvavanyo kunye nohlengahlengiso zezi:

• Uvavanyo kunye nokubonakaliswa kwemiphezulu

•  Ukuguqulwa komphezulu kusetyenziswa iindlela ezifanelekileyo ezifana ne-flame hydrolysis, unyango lomphezulu weplasma, ukubekwa kweeleya ezisebenzayo… .etc.

• Uphuhliso lwenkqubo yohlalutyo lomphezulu, uvavanyo kunye nokuguqulwa

• Ukukhethwa, ukuthengwa, ukuguqulwa konyango oluphezulu kunye nezixhobo zokuguqulwa, inkqubo kunye nezixhobo zokufanisa

• Ukubuyisela umva ubunjineli bonyango lomphezulu kwizicelo ezizodwa

• Ukuhluthwa kunye nokususwa kwezakhiwo zefilimu ezibhityileyo ezingaphumeleliyo kunye neengubo zokuhlalutya umphezulu ongaphantsi ukumisela unobangela.

• Iinkonzo zobungqina obuchwephesha kunye nezokumangalela

• Iinkonzo zokucebisa

 

Senza uhlengahlengiso olungaphezulu kwizicelo ezahlukeneyo, kubandakanya:

• Ukuphucula ukubambelela kweengubo kunye ne-substrates

• Ukwenza umphezulu ube ne-hydrophobic okanye i-hydrophilic

• Ukwenza imiphezulu i-antistatic okanye i-static

• Ukwenza umphezulu we-antifungal kunye ne-antibacterial

 

Iifilimu eziNcinci kunye neeNgqungquthela

Iifilim ezibhityileyo okanye iingubo zomaleko obhityileyo wezinto ezisuka kumaqhezu e-nanometer (i-monolayer) ukuya kwii-micrometer ezininzi ngobukhulu. Izixhobo ze-elektroniki ze-semiconductor, ii-optical coatings, iingubo ezixhathisayo kwimikrwelo zezinye zezicelo eziphambili ezixhamlayo kulwakhiwo lwefilimu ebhityileyo.

 

Usetyenziso oluqhelekileyo lweefilimu ezicekethekileyo sisipili sasekhaya esinentsimbi ecekethekileyo yokugquma ngasemva kwephepha leglasi ukwenza ujongano olubonakalayo. Inkqubo yesilivere yayikade isetyenziselwa ukuvelisa izipili. Kule mihla kusetyenziswa kakhulu ifilimu ecolekileyo yokugquma ifilimu. Ngokomzekelo, ifilimu encinci kakhulu (ngaphantsi kwe-nanometer) isetyenziselwa ukuvelisa izibuko ezimbini. Ukusebenza kweeleyiti zamehlo (ezifana ne-antireflective, okanye ii-coatings ze-AR) ziye ziphuculwe xa ifilim ebhityileyo inemaleko amaninzi anobungqingqwa obahlukeneyo kunye nezalathi ezibonayo. Ulwakhiwo lwamaxesha afanayo okutshintshana kweefilimu ezibhityileyo zemathiriyeli eyahlukeneyo ngokudibeneyo zenze into ebizwa ngokuba yi-superlattice esebenzisa isenzeko sokuvalelwa komyinge ngokumisela imida kwizinto zombane kwimilinganiselo emibini. Olunye usetyenziso lwefinyam ebhityileyo yokugquma ziifilimu ezicekethekileyo ze-ferromagnetic ezisetyenziswa njengememori yekhompyuter, ukuhanjiswa kwechiza lefilimu elicekethekileyo lifakwa kumayeza, iibhetri zefilimu ebhityileyo. Iifilimu ezicekethekileyo zeCeramic nazo zisetyenziswa ngokubanzi. Ubunzima obuphezulu kunye nokungangenisi kwezixhobo ze-ceramic kwenza ezi ntlobo zeengubo ezinqabileyo ezinomdla zokukhusela izinto eziphantsi kwe-substrate ngokuchasene nokuhlwa, i-oxidation kunye nokunxiba. Ngokukodwa, ukusetyenziswa kweengubo ezinjalo kwizixhobo zokusika kunokwandisa ubomi bezi zinto ngemiyalelo emininzi yobukhulu. Uphando luyenziwa kwizicelo ezininzi. Umzekelo wophando ludidi olutsha lwefilim ebhityileyo ye-inorganic oxide imathiriyeli, ebizwa ngokuba yi-amorphous heavy-metal cation multicomponent oxide, enokusetyenziswa ukwenza iitransistor ezicacileyo ezingabizi kakhulu, zizinzile, kunye nokusingqongileyo.

 

Njengaso nasiphi na esinye isifundo sobunjineli, ummandla weefilimu ezicekethekileyo ufuna iinjineli ezivela kwiinkalo ezahlukeneyo, kubandakanya iinjineli zemichiza. Sinezixhobo ezibalaseleyo kule ndawo kwaye sinokukunika ezi nkonzo zilandelayo:

• Ifilim ebhityileyo kunye noyilo kunye nophuhliso

• Ifilimu eNcinci kunye neempawu zokwaleka kubandakanya iikhemikhali kunye novavanyo lohlalutyo.

• Ukufakwa kweekhemikhali kunye nomzimba weefilimu ezinqabileyo kunye neengubo (i-plating, i-CSD, i-CVD, i-MOCVD, i-PECVD, i-MBE, i-PVD efana ne-sputtering, i-reactive sputtering, kunye ne-evaporation, i-e-beam, i-topotaxy)

• Ngokwakhiwa kwezakhiwo zefilimu ezintsonkothileyo, senza izinto ezininzi ezinje nge-nano-composites, izakhiwo ze-3D, izitaki zeeleya ezahlukeneyo, iileya ezininzi,…. njl.

• Uphuhliso lwenkqubo kunye nokulungelelaniswa kwefilimu ebhityileyo kunye ne-coating deposition, etching, processing

• Ukukhethwa, ukuthengwa, ukuguqulwa kwefilimu encinci kunye nenkqubo yokugqoka kunye nezixhobo zokulinganisa

• Ukubuyisela umva ubunjineli beefilimu ezibhityileyo kunye neengubo, uhlalutyo lwekhemikhali kunye nolwakhiwo lomzimba ngaphakathi kwezakhiwo zokugquma iileyiti ezininzi ukumisela umxholo wekhemikhali, iibhondi, ubume kunye neepropathi.

• Uhlalutyo lwengcambu yesizathu sokungaphumeleli kwezakhiwo zefilimu ezincinci kunye neengubo

• Iinkonzo zobungqina obuchwephesha kunye nezokumangalela

• Iinkonzo zokucebisa