Imiphezulu igquma yonke into kwaye ngombulelo ngetekhnoloji yanamhlanje sinokhetho oluninzi lokunyanga umphezulu (ngokwekhemikhali, ngokwasemzimbeni ... njl.njl.) kwaye siyilungise ngendlela eluncedo, ngeziphumo ezinqwenelekayo kubandakanya ukongezwa kokuncamatheliswa kwengubo okanye iinxalenye kumphezulu, ukuguqulwa komphezulu wokwenza umphezulu. i-hydrophobic (ukumanzisa okunzima), i-hydrophillic (ukumanzisa ngokulula), i-antistatic, i-antibacterial okanye i-antifungal, eyenza i-catalysis ye-heterogeneous, ukwenza i-semiconductor isixhobo sokwenziwa kunye neeseli ze-fuel & i-monolayers ezidibeneyo ezidibeneyo kunokwenzeka ... njl. Izazinzulu zethu zomphezulu kunye neenjineli zinamava okukunceda kuyilo lwakho kunye neenzame zophuhliso lwecandelo, i-subassembly kunye nomgangatho ogqityiweyo wemveliso. Sinolwazi kunye namava okumisela ukuba zeziphi iindlela zokusebenzisa ukuhlalutya kunye nokuguqula umgangatho wakho othile. Sikwakwazi ukufikelela kwezona zixhobo ziphezulu zovavanyo.

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Ikhemistri engaphezulu inokuchazwa ngokuqikelelwayo njengophononongo lweekhemikhali zokusabela kunxibelelwano. Ikhemistri yomphezulu inxulumene ngokusondeleyo nobunjineli bomphezulu, ojolise ekuguquleni ukwakheka kweekhemikhali zomphezulu ngokubandakanya izinto ezikhethiweyo okanye amaqela asebenzayo avelisa iziphumo ezahlukeneyo ezinqwenelekayo neziluncedo okanye uphuculo kwiipropathi zomphezulu okanye ujongano. Ukunamathela kwerhasi okanye iimolekyuli zolwelo kumphezulu kwaziwa ngokuba yi-adsorption. Oku kunokuba ngenxa ye-chemisorption okanye nge-physisorption. Ngokulungelelanisa i-chemistry yomhlaba, sinokufikelela kwi-adsorption engcono kunye nokubambelela. Ukuziphatha kojongano olusekwe kwisisombululo kuchatshazelwa yintlawulo yomhlaba, i-dipoles, amandla, kunye nokuhanjiswa kwazo ngaphakathi kombane ophindwe kabini. Ifiziksi yomphezulu ifunda utshintsho lomzimba olwenzeka kunxibelelwano, kwaye inxibelelana nekhemistri yomphezulu. Ezinye zezinto eziphandwayo yifiziksi yomphezulu zibandakanya ukusasazwa komphezulu, ukwakhiwa ngokutsha komphezulu, iiphononi zomphezulu kunye neeplasmons, i-epitaxy kunye nokwandiswa komphezulu weRaman, ukukhutshwa kunye nokuhanjiswa kwee-electron, i-spitronics, kunye nokuzihlanganisa kwe-nanostructures phezu komhlaba.

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Uphononongo lwethu kunye nohlalutyo lomphezulu lubandakanya zombini iindlela zokuhlalutya umzimba kunye neekhemikhali. Iindlela ezininzi zale mihla ziphonononga eyona 1-10 nm ephezulu yemigangatho evezwe kwivacuum. Ezi ziquka i-X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), i-Auger electron spectroscopy (AES), i-electron-energy diffraction (LEED), i-electron loss loss spectroscopy (EELS), i-thermal desorption spectroscopy (TDS), i-ion scattering spectroscopy (ISS), yesibini i-ion mass spectrometry (SIMS), kunye nezinye iindlela zokuhlalutya kwendawo ezibandakanyiweyo kuluhlu lweendlela zokuhlalutya izinto. Uninzi lwezi ndlela zobuchule zifuna ivacuum njengoko zixhomekeke ekubhaqweni kwee-electron okanye ii-ion ezikhutshwa kumphezulu phantsi kophononongo. Ubuchule bokubona ngokucacileyo bunokusetyenziswa ukufunda ujongano phantsi kweemeko ezininzi ezahlukeneyo. IReflection-absorption infrared, iRaman eyomeleziweyo umphezulu, kunye nesspectroscopies eziveliswa rhoqo ngamaxesha angasetyenziselwa ukuphonononga umphezulu we-solid-vacuum kunye negesi eqinileyo, ulwelo oluqinileyo, kunye nomphezulu werhasi engamanzi. Iindlela zanamhlanje zokuhlalutya umzimba ziquka i-scanning-tunneling microscopy (STM) kunye nosapho lweendlela eziphuma kuyo. Ezi microscopes zandise kakhulu amandla kunye nomnqweno wezazinzulu ezingaphezulu ukulinganisa ubume bendawo yomphezulu.

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Ezinye zeenkonzo esizinikezelayo zokuhlalutya umphezulu, uvavanyo, ukulinganisa abalinganiswa kunye nohlengahlengiso zezi:

• Uvavanyo kunye nokubonakaliswa kwemiphezulu kusetyenziswa inani elikhulu lemichiza, umzimba, oomatshini, ubuchule bokubona (jonga uluhlu olungezantsi)

• Ukuguqulwa kwemiphezulu kusetyenziswa iindlela ezifanelekileyo ezifana ne-flame hydrolysis, unyango lwe-plasma surface, ukubekwa kweeleya ezisebenzayo ... .etc.

• Uphuhliso lwenkqubo yohlalutyo lomphezulu, uvavanyo, ukucocwa komhlaba kunye nokuguqulwa

• Ukukhethwa, ukuthenga, ukuguqulwa kokucoca umphezulu, izixhobo zonyango kunye nohlengahlengiso, inkqubo kunye nezixhobo zokulinganisa

• Buyisa umva ubunjineli bomphezulu kunye nojongano

• Ukuhluthwa kunye nokususwa kwezakhiwo zefilimu ezibhityileyo ezingaphumeleliyo kunye neengubo zokuhlalutya umphezulu ongaphantsi ukumisela unobangela.

• Iinkonzo zobungqina obuchwephesha kunye nezokumangalela

• Iinkonzo zokucebisa

 

Senza umsebenzi wobunjineli kuhlengahlengiso lomphezulu kwizicelo ezahlukeneyo, kubandakanya:

• Ukucocwa kwemiphezulu kunye nokupheliswa kokungcola okungafunwayo

• Ukuphucula ukubambelela kweengubo kunye ne-substrates

• Ukwenza umphezulu ube ne-hydrophobic okanye i-hydrophilic

• Ukwenza imiphezulu i-antistatic okanye i-static

• Ukwenza imiphezulu ibe yimagnethi

• Ukwandisa okanye ukunciphisa uburhabaxa bomphezulu kwizikali ezincinci kunye ne-nano.

• Ukwenza umphezulu we-antifungal kunye ne-antibacterial

• Ukulungiswa komphezulu ukwenza i-heterogeneous catalysis

• Ukulungiswa komphezulu kunye nojongano lokucoca, ukunciphisa uxinzelelo, ukuphucula ukunamathela… njl. ukwenza ulwakhiwo lwesixhobo semiconductor yemultilayer inokwenzeka, iiseli zepetroli kunye neemonolayers ezizidityanisiweyo zinokwenzeka.

 

Njengoko kukhankanyiwe ngasentla, sinokufikelela kuluhlu olubanzi lovavanyo oluqhelekileyo noluphambili kunye nezixhobo zokulinganisa ezisetyenziswa kuhlalutyo lwemathiriyeli kubandakanya uphononongo lomphezulu, ujongano kunye nokwaleka:

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• I-Goniometry yokulinganisa i-engile yoqhagamshelwano kumphezulu

• I-Ion Mass Spectrometry (SIMS), Ixesha leFlight SIMS (TOF-SIMS)

• IMikroskopu ye-Electron yoThumelo-Iskeni lokuThunyelwa kwe-Electron Microscopy (TEM-STEM)

• Ukuskena i-Electron Microscopy (SEM)

• X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy – Electron Spectroscopy for Chemical analysis (XPS-ESCA)

• I-Spectrophotometry

• I-Spectrometry

• Ellipsometry

• I-Spectroscopic Reflectometry

• Iglosari

• I-Interferometry

• I-Gel Permeation Chromatography (GPC)

• I-High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)

• IChromatography yerhasi – Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS)

• I-Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS)

• Ukukhutshwa okukhazimlayo kweMisa yeSpectrometry (GDMS)

• ILaser Ablation inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS)

• ILiquid Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS)

• I-Auger Electron Spectroscopy (AES)

• I-Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS)

• I-Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR)

• I-Electron Energy Loss Spectroscopy (EELS)

• I-electron diffraction ene-low-energy (LEED)

• I-Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-OES)

• Raman

• I-X-Ray Diffraction (XRD)

• I-X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF)

• I-Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM)

• Umtha oMabini-iBeam eGxinisiweyo ye-Ion (iBeam eDual – FIB)

• I-Electron Backscatter Diffraction (EBSD)

• I-Optical Profileometry

• I-Stylus Profilometry

• Uvavanyo lweMicroscratch

• Uhlahlelo lwerhasi eshiyekileyo (RGA) kunye nesiqulatho soMphunga waManzi waNgaphakathi

• Uhlalutyo lwegesi yesixhobo (IGA)

• URutherford Backscattering Spectrometry (RBS)

• Iyonke iReflection X-Ray Fluorescence (TXRF)

• Ukubonakaliswa kweX-Ray okuKhethekileyo (XRR)

• Uhlahlelo lweMechanical Dynamic (DMA)

• Uhlahlelo loMzimba olonakalisayo (DPA) luhambelana neemfuno ze-MIL-STD

• Umahluko wokuSkena ngeKhalorimitha (DSC)

• Uhlalutyo lweThermogravimetric (TGA)

• Uhlalutyo lweThermomechanical (TMA)

• I-Thermal desorption spectroscopy (TDS)

• Ixesha lokwenyani X-Ray (RTX)

• Ukuskena i-Acoustic Microscopy (SAM)

• I-Scanning-tunneling microscopy (STM)

• Uvavanyo lokuvavanya iipropati zombane

• Iphepha loMlinganiselo wokuChasa kunye ne-Anisotropy & neMaphu kunye neHomogeneity

• Umlinganiselo wokuqhuba

• Uvavanyo loMzimba kunye noomatshini olunje ngoMlinganiso weFilimu oNcinci woxinzelelo

• Olunye uvavanyo lweThermal njengoko kufuneka

• Amagumbi okusingqongileyo, iimvavanyo zokuguga