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Statistical Process Control (SPC) & Design of Experiments (DOE)

Amanani, amanani kunye namanani.......... akuxelela ngaphezu kokuba nabani na anokuthi

I-Statistical_cc781905-5-5- I-BB3B-136BADD58B3BDE58B3b

DESIGN OF EXPERIMENTS_cc781905-5cde-3113568bb3b(5cde-3113568bb3b)

IZISEKO ZOKULAWULWA KWENKQUBO YOBANI (SPC).

Ulawulo lwenkqubo yobalo (Statistical process control) (SPC) kukusetyenziswa kweendlela zeenkcukacha-manani ekubekweni kweliso nasekulawuleni iinkqubo zokuqinisekisa ukuba zisebenza ngamandla azo apheleleyo ukuvelisa iimveliso ezihambelanayo. Ngokusetyenziswa kwe-SPC, iinkqubo ziziphatha ngendlela eqikelelwayo ukuvelisa iimveliso ezihambelanayo kangangoko kunokwenzeka ngenkunkuma enokwenzeka. Ngelixa i-SPC ibisetyenziswa ngokwesiko ekulawuleni imigca yokuvelisa, isebenza ngokulinganayo kuyo nayiphi na inkqubo enemveliso enokumetwa. Izixhobo eziphambili ze-SPC ziitshathi zokulawula, kugxininise ekuphuculeni okuqhubekayo kunye novavanyo oluyiliweyo (DOE).

 

Amandla amaninzi e-SPC alele ekukwazini ukuphonononga inkqubo kunye nemithombo yokwahluka kuloo nkqubo usebenzisa izixhobo ezinika ubunzima kuhlalutyo lwenjongo phezu kwezimvo ezizimeleyo kwaye ezivumela amandla omthombo ngamnye ukuba amiselwe ngokwamanani. Iiyantlukwano kwinkqubo ezinokuchaphazela umgangatho wemveliso okanye inkonzo yokugqibela zinokubonwa kwaye zilungiswe, ngaloo ndlela kuncitshiswe inkunkuma kunye nethuba lokuba iingxaki ziya kudluliselwa kubathengi. Ngokugxininisa ekubonweni kwangaphambili kunye nokuthintela iingxaki, i-SPC inenzuzo eyahlukileyo kwezinye iindlela zomgangatho, ezifana nokuhlola, ezisebenzisa izixhobo zokufumanisa kunye nokulungisa iingxaki emva kokuba zenzeke.

 

Ukongeza ekunciphiseni inkunkuma, i-SPC inokunciphisa ixesha elifunekayo ukuvelisa imveliso okanye inkonzo ukusuka ekupheleni ukuya ekupheleni. Oku kungenxa yokuncitshiswa kwamathuba okuba imveliso yokugqibela iphinde isetyenzwe, kodwa isenokubangelwa kukusebenzisa idatha ye-SPC ukuchonga imiqobo, amaxesha okulinda, kunye neminye imithombo yolibaziseko kwinkqubo. Ukunciphisa ixesha lomjikelo wenkqubo kunye nokuphuculwa kwesivuno kwenze i-SPC ibe sisixhobo esixabisekileyo ukusuka kokubini ukuncitshiswa kweendleko kunye nokwaneliseka komthengi.

Ulawulo lweNkqubo yoBalo (SPC) lunokwahlulwa ngokubanzi lube ziiseti ezintathu zemisebenzi:

  1. Ukuqonda iinkqubo,

  2. Ukuqonda izizathu zokwahluka,

  3. Ukupheliswa kwemithombo yokwahluka kwesizathu esikhethekileyo

 

Ukuqonda inkqubo, inkqubo iqhele ukwenziwa imephu kwaye ibekwe iliso kusetyenziswa iitshathi zolawulo. Iitshathi zokulawula zisetyenziselwa ukuchonga ukuhluka okunokuthi kube ngenxa yezizathu ezikhethekileyo, kunye nokukhulula umsebenzisi kwinkxalabo malunga nokwahluka ngenxa yezizathu eziqhelekileyo. Iitshathi zokulawula zenza ukuqonda inkqubo ibe ngumsebenzi oqhubekayo oqhubekayo. Ngenkqubo ezinzileyo engabangeli nayiphi na imigaqo yokufumanisa kwitshathi yokulawula, uhlalutyo lwezakhono zenkqubo luyenziwa kwakhona ukuvavanya amandla enkqubo yangoku ukuvelisa iimveliso ezihambelanayo (iimveliso ezingaphakathi kweenkcukacha).

 

Xa, ngeetshathi zokulawula, ukuhluka okubangelwa yizizathu ezikhethekileyo kuchongiwe, okanye amandla enkqubo afunyaniswa angekho, umzamo owongezelelweyo wenziwa ukufumanisa izizathu zaloo mahluko kunye nokuphelisa. Izixhobo ezisetyenziselwa le njongo ziquka imizobo ye-Ishikawa, i-Design of Experiments (DOE) kunye neetshathi zePareto. Imifuniselo eyiliweyo (DOE) ibaluleke kakhulu kweli nqanaba le-SPC, njengoko ikuphela kwendlela yokulinganisa ngokungathathi hlangothi ukubaluleka kwezizathu ezininzi ezinokubakho zokwahluka.

 

Nje ukuba oonobangela bokwahluka bubalwe, kuchithwa iinzame ekupheliseni ezo zizathu zibaluleke ngokwamanani nangokubonakalayo. Oku kuthetha isizathu esinesiphumo esincinci kuphela kodwa esibalulekileyo ngokweenkcukacha-manani sinokungathathwa njengeendleko zokonga ukusilungisa; kwaye ngokuchaseneyo, unobangela ongabalulekanga ngokweenkcukacha-manani awunakuthatyathwa njengento ebalulekileyo. Amanyathelo ongezelelweyo anokufuneka, ngakumbi ukuba kukho ingxaki ngekhono lenkqubo.

 

UYILO LWEMALIVA (DOE)

Uyilo lweeMfuniselo, okanye uyilo lokulinga, (DoE) yindlela ecwangcisiweyo yokumisela ubudlelwane phakathi kwezinto ezichaphazela inkqubo kunye nesiphumo saloo nkqubo. Ngamanye amazwi, isetyenziselwa ukufumana ubudlelwane besizathu kunye nesiphumo. Olu lwazi luyafuneka ukulawula amagalelo enkqubo ukuze kunyuswe imveliso. Eli sebe leenkcukacha-manani ezisetyenzisiweyo lijongene nokucwangcisa, ukuqhuba, ukuhlalutya kunye nokutolika iimvavanyo ezilawulwayo zokuvavanya izinto ezilawula ixabiso leparamitha okanye iqela leeparamitha. Imifuniselo ecwangcisiweyo kunye neyenziweyo inokubonelela ngolwazi oluninzi malunga nefuthe kwinguqu yempendulo ngenxa yento enye okanye ngaphezulu. Uyilo lweemvavanyo (DOE) luqeqesho olunesicelo esibanzi kakhulu kuzo zonke isayensi yendalo kunye nezentlalo.

 

Iinjineli zethu zokuvelisa ezinamava zikulungele ukukukhokela ekuphumezeni iikhonsepthi ze-SPC kunye ne-DOE kwinkampani yakho. Kuxhomekeke kukhetho lwakho, singakwazi ukukunceda ukude okanye size simise inkqubo yoLawulo lweNkqubo yeNkxaso-manani (SPC) kwindawo yakho. Nasi isishwankathelo seenkonzo esizinikezela kubathengi bethu kwicandelo loLawulo lweNkqubo yoBalo (i-SPC) kunye noYilo lweeMfuniselo (DoE):

  • I-SPC kunye ne-DoE Consulting

  • UQeqesho lwe-SPC kunye neDoE kunye nokuFundisa (okusekwe kwiwebhu, kwisiza okanye ngaphandle kwendawo)

  • Inkxaso yeProjekthi ye-SPC kunye ne-DoE

  • I-Real-Time SPC Software Solutions, ukuqokelelwa kwedatha esemgangathweni kunye nokuhlalutya, ukulungiswa kwesoftware kunye nokusetyenziswa ukuba kuyimfuneko.

  • Ukuthengiswa kweZixhobo zokuDityaniswa kweDatha kunye nokusasazwa

  • Ukuthengiswa kunye nokusasazwa koQokelelo lweenkcukacha zeHardware

  • Ukufunyanwa kunye noVavanyo lweSiza

  • Ukuqaliswa kokuqala

  • Ukusasazwa okwandisiweyo

  • Ukudityaniswa kwedatha

  • Uhlalutyo lweGap

  • Ukuqinisekiswa

  • I-Turn-Key SPC kunye ne-DOE Solutions

 

 

UKUFUMANA kunye noVAVANYO lweSIZA

I-AGS-Engineering iya kukunceda wandise inkqubo yakho ye-SPC ngokusekelwe kwimeko yakho ekhethekileyo. Ukusuka kuvavanyo lokuqala olunokukunceda ucwangcise ukuthunyelwa kwakho, ukuya kwiinkonzo zokuqinisekisa kumashishini afuna ukuhlangabezana nolawulo okanye ezinye iimfuno, siya kukunceda kwaye sikuhlawulele.

 

Uvavanyo lwesiza lweengcaphephe oluvela kuthi okanye ababoneleli bethu benkonzo abaqeqeshiweyo baya kukubonelela ngemephu yendlela ebanzi yokucwangcisa, ukuphumeza, nokulawula inkqubo yobukrelekrele bexesha lokwenyani kunye nolawulo lwenkqubo yezibalo (SPC). Isicwangciso sethu sinokukunceda ukuba uqikelele ixesha elibekiweyo kunye neshedyuli yokuphunyezwa eyenza ingqiqo kwishishini lakho. Le mephu yendlela iya kuba sisixhobo esixabisekileyo sokuphumelela isisombululo sokulawula umgangatho.

 

Ekuqaleni, iingcali zethu ze-SPC ziya kusebenza nawe ukufumanisa iimfuno zakho ezinkulu okanye iindawo zamathuba. Siza kukunceda uvavanye kwaye uqinisekise indawo okuyo, uchonge ezona zinto ziphambili kuwe, kwaye ngokudibeneyo siya kumisela imihla ekujoliswe kuyo.

 

Ngokusekelwe kwinto esiyifundayo ngeli nqanaba lokufumanisa, siya kukunceda ucwangcise isicwangciso sokuhambisa esiya kukuvumela ukuba uqale ukusebenzisa isisombululo sethu esicetywayo ngokukhawuleza, ngelixa uqwalasela nayiphi na imfuneko yokwakha kunye nokwandisa ukufikelela kokuthunyelwa kwakho njengoko uqhubela phambili. .

 

UKUQESHWA OKUQALA

Kwimibutho efuna ukuthumela umqhubi wenqwelomoya ukuvavanya esinye sezisombululo zethu ze-SPC kwindawo enye, siqala ngenkqubo yokuqalisa ekhawulezileyo. Ngale ndlela senza isisombululo kwaye senze iinkqubo ezidibeneyo kunye nokuhamba komsebenzi okubonakaliswe ukuphucula umgangatho weemetriki. Ukusebenzisa oku kuphehlelelwa okukhawulezileyo sinikezela ngezona ndlela zikhawulezayo zokuphumeza amanyathelo abalulekileyo, anje: Ukuqala kokufaka idatha esemgangathweni kumgangatho wevenkile, ukungenisa imida ecacileyo efanelekileyo kwinkqubo ye-SPC, ukubonelela ngokubonakala kwexesha lokwenyani lolawulo kwiinkqubo okanye imiba yomgangatho wemveliso, ukudala i-roll-ups yolawulo, iingxelo, kunye nezishwankathelo zedatha esemgangathweni, ukubeka iliso kunye nokubonisa ii-alamu ezibonisa iimeko ezingaphandle kolawulo okanye ngaphandle kwenkcazo, ukusebenza kwezilumkiso ze-imeyile, kwaye mhlawumbi ngaphezulu xa zifunwa okanye zifunwa.

 

UKWENZIWA KOSABEZO

Inkonzo yethu yokusasazwa eyandisiweyo yeyamashishini afuna okanye akhetha ukuhamba ngaphaya kwesigaba sokuqala. Esi sigaba senkonzo sigxile ekubandakanyeni iindlela zokuqokelelwa kwedatha ezizenzekelayo, ukusuka kwigalelo lomsebenzisi ngesandla ukuya ekuqokeleleni idatha ngekhompyutha. Esi sigaba sikwenza ukuba ufikelele kumanyathelo abalulekileyo okusingqongileyo okuntsonkothileyo, ngokuzenzekela ngokuzenzekelayo ukuqokelela idatha kwizixhobo zombane ezifana nezikali kunye neegeyiji eziphathwa ngesandla, ukwandisa ukusetyenziswa kobukrelekrele obusemgangathweni kunye ne-SPC kulo lonke isityalo nakwiziza ezahlukeneyo, ukuphucula ubunzulu kunye nobukhulu becala. uluhlu lwengxelo yolawulo, ukudala iingxelo zokunxibelelana nabaphathi, abathengi, kunye nababoneleli

 

Ukusasazwa kweshishini ngokubanzi kumaqumrhu amakhulu kunika ukubanako ukugqibezela umiliselo kuwo onke amaziko nakumatyathanga obonelelo. Ngokusasazwa okwandisiweyo, ulwakhiwo lwedatha yomthengi luphela lucwangcisiwe kwaye luzaliswe, kukhethwe izixhobo zobalo ezichanekileyo, iiprojekthi ziyaphuhliswa, iindawo zokusebenza kunye neegeyiji ziyasetwa, kwaye lonke uqeqesho olufanelekileyo luyenziwa. Idatha yenkqubo iqokelelwa, njengesantya somatshini, ukutya, imilinganiselo yokusingqongileyo, umfanekiso opheleleyo wemveliso kunye nomgangatho wenkqubo uphuhliswa kubahlalutyi, ukudityaniswa kwedatha ngokuzenzekelayo kwezinye iinkqubo kuphunyeziwe, ezifana nokucwangciswa kwezibonelelo zeshishini (ERP), iimethrikhi kunye imisebenzi evela kuzo zonke iinkqubo zemveliso iyabanjwa kwaye kwabelwana ngayo, ingxelo ehlaziyiweyo kuquka imithombo yedatha eyongezelelweyo ifezekisiwe.

 

UKUHLANGANISWA KWEDATHA

Izisombululo zethu ziyilelwe ukusebenza kunye nesoftware yakho ekhoyo yenkqubo yeshishini. Uninzi lwabathengi bethu badinga iinkqubo zethu ze-SPC ukuze banxibelelane neenkqubo ezikhoyo ezifana nenkqubo yolawulo lolwazi lwaselabhoratri (LIMS), kunye neenkqubo zeERP. Ngethamsanqa, iindlela zethu zoyilo oluvulekileyo lwenza olu hlobo lonxibelelwano lwenzeke.

 

Ukukhawulezisa ukudityaniswa kwedatha, sinikezela ngezixhobo zokudityaniswa, amacandelo esoftware, amacandelo okuqokelela idatha, kunye neenkonzo zenkxaso yobuchwephesha.

 

UKUHLALUTYWA KWE-GAP

Ukuqinisekisa ukuba ufumana okuninzi kwisisombululo sakho, uhlalutyo lwethu lwe-gap kwindawo lunokukunceda ubone indlela yokuphucula kunye nokuphucula ukuthunyelwa kwakho. Iinjineli zethu zezicelo ze-SPC ezinamava zivavanya ukuphunyezwa kwakho okukhoyo kwaye zinike iingcebiso zengcali malunga nendlela yokwenza ngcono ukusebenzisa kwakho isoftware kunye nezinye izixhobo. Imibuzo efana nale ilandelayo inokuphendulwa: Ndingayenza njani lula inkqubo yabasebenzi bomgangatho weevenkile? Uqokelelo lwedatha lusebenza ngakumbi njani? Ingaba idatha evela kwiinkqubo ezibalulekileyo inokudityaniswa njani? Iingxelo zingaphuculwa njani ukuze zibonelele ngolwazi olunamandla, olunokusetyenzwa kubaphathi? Nokuba ufuna ukwandisa iziphumo okanye ukuseka imephu yendlela yokuphucula ukusebenza kwenkqubo yakho yomgangatho, i-AGS-Engineering ingabonelela ngeenkonzo zovavanyo lweengcali ukukunceda wandise ukuthunyelwa kwakho.

 

UKUQINISEKISA

Ipakethe yethu yoQinisekiso ibonelela ngezinto ezibalulekileyo zokufaneleka kwenkqubo, kubandakanywa uQinisekiso loFakelo kunye namaxwebhu oMqinisekiso wokuSebenza kunye nomgaqo wokuqinisekisa. Uxwebhu oluchaza iimfuno zokusebenza ezisisiseko lubonelelwe ngeprothokholi yoQinisekiso loFakelo / uMqinisekiso wokuSebenza. IPhakheji yoQinisekiso ikwabandakanya isiseko sedatha esenziwe kwangaphambili.

Iimeko zovavanyo ziyinxalenye ephambili yephakheji yoQinisekiso. Amaxwebhu oQinisekiso lokuFakela aqulathe iimeko zovavanyo zokuqinisekisa ukuba amacandelo e-SPC yethu yoBukrelekrele boMveliso afakwe ngokufanelekileyo ngokweengcebiso namaxwebhu. Amaxwebhu eMigangatho yokuSebenza aqulathe iimeko zovavanyo zokuqinisekisa ukuba amacandelo aphambili esoftware ye-SPC asebenza ngokufanelekileyo ngokweenkcukacha. Iziqinisekiso zokuSebenza zisenokusetyenziswa ukuqinisekisa iimfuno zesampulu zesoftware ngokusetyenziswa koMcwangcisi oMmandla.

Ukuqinisekiswa koFakelo kunye neemeko zovavanyo lokuqinisekisa iziqinisekiso zokuSebenza ziquka uXwebhu lweNkqubo, iiNkqubo zokuSebenza eziMgangatho, ukuFakela uMphathi weDatha, uFakelo loBukrelekrele boMveliso we-SPC, uFakelo lweDynamic Scheduler, iSiqinisekiso sokuSebenza.

 

Ukuqinisekiswa koFakelo kunye nokuSetyenziswa kweziQinisekiso zokuSebenza kunye namatyala ovavanyo lwesiqinisekiso sokusebenza abandakanya Isizathu soTshintsho kunye noMgaqo-nkqubo woKhuseleko, uMbutho kunye neendima, abaqeshwa, amaQela aMaqela kunye namaCandelo, amaQela eNkqubo kunye neNkqubo, amaQela aneSiphene/eSiphene kunye neeKhowudi, uVavanyo/Amaqela aManyeneyo kunye noVavanyo, iDescriptor Udidi kunye neeNkcazo, amaqashiso, iQela elibekelweyo kunye namaQela eentshukumo zokuLungisa, iiKhowudi zeNtshukumo eziLungisayo, iiKhowudi zesizathu esibekelweyo, ii-Alarms, imida yokuchaza, iiMfuno zeSampulu, iProjekthi kunye noLungiselelo lweDatha, uNgeno lweDatha engaphantsi, iMida yoLawulo, iiAlarms, iMiyalezo eLumkisayo, uHlanganiso , Ukuthotyelwa koLawulo (uFikelelo lweNkqubo, ukuguga kwegama eliyimfihlo, iiRekhodi zombane)

Ukuba ufuna ukwenza uqinisekiso lwesoftware esesikweni kodwa uswele izixhobo zokuhlangabezana neshedyuli yomiliselo olurhabaxa, singakunceda ngokuqhutywa koQinisekiso loFakelo kunye neMigangatho yoMgangatho wokuSebenza.

 

Kwiphakheji yethu yoQinisekiso lweNgcali, iSiqinisekiso sokuSebenza (PQ) siqinisekisa ukusebenza kwesoftware ye-SPC. Iqinisekisa ukuba inkqubo isebenza njengoko bekucetyiwe kwaye iyanelisa iimfuno zomsebenzisi ezichaziweyo nezivunyiweyo kunye nedatha yovavanyo enikezelwe ngumsebenzisi. Isiqinisekiso sokuSebenza siqhutywa ngumsebenzisi ngamnye wesoftware kwintlangano yabathengi. Iinkonzo ezongezelelekileyo zibonelelwa ukunceda ukuphuhlisa iimfuno zabasebenzisi kunye nokulungiselela kunye nokusebenzisa iiprothokholi zoMgangatho wokuSebenza olungelelanisiweyo. I-VSR (iNgxelo yesiShwankathelo soQinisekiso) ishwankathela iziphumo zokwenziwa kwamatyala ovavanyo kunye namaxwebhu ukwamkelwa okanye ukugatywa kwenkqubo yokusetyenziswa kwemveliso. Kanye njengeSiqinisekiso sokuSebenza, iNgxelo yesiShwankathelo soQinisekiso (VSR) luxanduva lwabasebenzisi kwishishini lakho.

IPhakheji yoQinisekiso lweNgcali yiprothokholi ezimeleyo ebonelela:

  • Intshayelelo

  • Ububanzi

  • Iindima kunye noxanduva

  • Uphononongo kunye nokuVunywa kokuTyelwa

  • Imbali yohlaziyo

  • Inkcazo yeNkqubo

  • Uluhlu Lwemigaqo

  • IQhinga loVavanyo (kubandakanya uMda, indlela yokuSebenza, iNqobo yoKwamkelwa)

  • Umbutho woVavanyo

  • Ukuphatha iiyantlukwano

  • Inkqubo yokwenziwa kunye noPhononongo loVavanyo

  • Amatyala ovavanyo

  • Ukutenxa Ingxelo Log kunye neFom

  • Umsayino welog

  • Iiseti zeDatha

  • Iziphumo ezilindelekileyo

 

Zonke iimeko zovavanyo kwiphakheji yoQinisekiso lweNgcali ziquka:

  • Imiyalelo

  • IiMfuno zoVavanyo

  • Iinqobo zokwamkeleka

  • Amanyathelo

  • Iziphumo ezilindelekileyo

  • Ukupasa/kungaphumeleli ukwahlulahlula

  • Utyikityo lomabi kunye noKuthandana

  • Umhlalutyi Signoff kunye Dating

  • Amagqabantshintshi

 

Ngolwazi oluthe kratya malunga nenkqubo ye-SPC kunye nezixhobo ezikhoyo, ingcebiso, uqeqesho okanye uncedo ekuphumezeni i-SPC, qhagamshelana nenye yeeNgcali zoMba weSifundo (SME). Sikulungele ukunika naluphi na uncedo okanye ulwazi ukongeza ixabiso kwishishini lakho.

- UMGANGATHO UNAMANDLA ARTIFICIAL INTELLIISIXHOBO SESIXHOBO SE-GENCE ESESELWE-

Siye saba ngumthengisi wexabiso elongezelelweyo kwi-QualityLine production Technologies, Ltd., inkampani yobuchwepheshe obuphezulu eye yaphuhlisa isisombululo se-software esekelwe kwi-Artificial Intelligence edibanisa ngokuzenzekelayo kunye nedatha yakho yokuvelisa emhlabeni jikelele kwaye idale uhlalutyo oluphambili kuwe. Esi sixhobo ngokwenene eyahlukileyo kunayo nayiphi na enye emarikeni, kuba inokuphunyezwa ngokukhawuleza kakhulu kwaye kulula, kwaye iya kusebenza nalo naluphi na uhlobo lwezixhobo kunye nedatha, idatha kuyo nayiphi na ifomathi evela kuluvo lwakho, igcinwe imithombo yedatha yokuvelisa, izikhululo zovavanyo, ukungena ngesandla .....njl. Akukho mfuneko yokutshintsha nasiphi na isixhobo sakho esele sikhona ukuphumeza esi sixhobo sesoftware. Ngaphandle kokujonga ixesha lokwenyani kwiiparamitha zokusebenza eziphambili, le software ye-AI ikubonelela ngohlalutyo lwesizathu, ibonelela ngezilumkiso zakwangoko kunye nezilumkiso. Akukho sisombululo sinje kwimarike. Esi sixhobo sibagcinele abavelisi imali eninzi yokunciphisa ukwaliwa, ukubuyiswa, ukuhlaziya, ixesha lokuphumla kunye nokufumana inkoliseko yabathengi. Ilula kwaye ikhawuleza !  Ukucwangcisa umnxeba wokuFumana kunye nathi kunye nokufumana ngakumbi malunga nesi sixhobo sinamandla sobugcisa obusekwe kwimveliso yohlalutyo:

- Nceda ugcwalise ekhuphekayoUluhlu lwemibuzo ye-QLukusuka kwikhonkco eli-orenji ngasekhohlo kwaye ubuyele kuthi nge-imeyile ukuyaproject@ags-engineering.com.

-Jonga amakhonkco akhutshelweyo anemibala eorenji ukuze ufumane umbono malunga nesi sixhobo sinamandla.QualityLine One Page IsishwankathelokwayeIncwadana yesiShwankathelo soMgangatho woMgangatho

-Nantsi ividiyo emfutshane efikelela kwinqanaba: IVIDIYO YESIXHOBO SOKUHLALUTYA EMQULWENI

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